Nuclear Weapons!

1. Why I chose this job?

I selected this task for nuclear weapons and nuclear physics because it is an interesting theme and a nightmare as the home increases all of us ...

This is a program of a previous project that I had in 8.klasse.

2. The magnitude of the task and purpose.
 

My project is actually for the span to include all aspects of it, so I will limit me a little. I will provide an introduction to nuclear technology and at the same time say a little in general about nuclear physics. The latter is necessary to understand how nuclear weapons work. However, I will not take me for all aspects of nuclear fission, such as. elaborate history and reactor energy.

My problem was: How easy is it to obtain / create a nuclear weapons today? How does a nuclear weapon?

3. Glossary
 

When the task at times must necessarily be somewhat technical, so I will for the sake give a little explanation of the vocabulary:

Pu239: plutonium with an atomic weight of 239.

U235: Uranium with an atomic weight of 235

Tritium: Hydrogen with two extra nøytroner

Gamma Rays: powerful beams of photons (the same as light) to come under the radioactive radiation.

Nano Seconds: a milliardels seconds

A "Shake": 1 / 10 nano seconds

KT: kiloton (explosive in terms of TNT)

MT: MegaTonn (measured in the explosive TNT)

Critical mass: The minimum amount spaltbart material under certain conditions can keep an independent chain in time with constant power

ICBM: InterContinentalBallisticMissile InterKontinentalBallistiskMissil

4. Nuclear physics.

4.1 Introduction

Nuclear physics belongs to the most recent part of our modern science. The great interest for nuclear fission is NOK along with that you have managed to trigger the enormous energies that are restricted in the nucleus. This is the amount of energy that is and still can be of great benefit to humanity for many centuries to come. However, it can also destroy the whole earth,: exterminate all humans, animals and plants for only a few hours! There are people who decide on nuclear fission, to be a resource for mankind or a disaster for our planet!

Atom 4.2
 

In order to understand nuclear fission, we must first understand a little of the atom, "identity".

In earlier times, thought that an atom could never change, and that it therefore was indivisible (atomos = indivisible). We know today that both in nature and elsewhere in the universe still nuclear reactions (eg uranium and the sun).

All the element consists of atoms. An atom consists of a positive electric core, and surrounding this is that electrons with negative electric charges. Since the atom is neutral, as a whole, so it must be as much positive charge in the core as it is a negative charge around the core.

Nucleus is built up of two kinds of particles: protons and nøytroner. With a common name, so we call them nukleoner (nucleo = nut kernel). To keep these particles in place in relation to each other, so does the strong electrical forces between protons. It is therefore great energy to change state in an atomic core.

4.3 Radiation
 

From the radioactive substance is the exposure. There are three main types of radiation: alpha, beta and gamma radiation. Here are brief bit about each of them:

4.3.1 Alpha Radiation
 

Some atomic nucleus sends out two nøytroner and two protons, this is the same as a helium core. We call it an alpha particle. The core is left, containing two protons and two nøytroner less than previously. There is thus formed a new element atom with lower atomic number. Alpha radiation is, in other words, flows of helium core.

The metal Uranium is an alpha rays.

4.3.2 Beta Radiation
 

Other atomic nucleus sends out an electron called a beta particle. It sounds strange that it can send out an electron from the atomic nucleus, for there are not electrons in the atomic nucleus! The explanation is that a nøytron in the core is first converted into a proton plus an electron. Electrons are then sent out with great speed. The core is left, includes a proton more than before and a nøytron less. It is formed when an element atom with higher atomic number. Beta radiation is thus streams of electrons, and is used in, among other things, X-rays.

4.3.3 Gamma Radiation
 

When a nuclear core has sent out an alpha particle or beta particle, is it a omgruppering of nukleonene. They must find new places. In this process, the core sends out "the energy of the shot" in the form of electromagnetic radiation called gamma radiation. Therefore, it is usually also the gamma radiation in conjunction with alpha radiation or beta radiation.

4.4 fission and fusion

There are two ways to get the nuclear chain reaction for:

1. Demergers

2. Merger

4.4.1 demergers
 

The word fission means to "column is". Large-core parts in the two halves large cores when they are hit by nøytroner. This, I have illustrated and explained below with Uranium.

It all begins with a U235 atom is hit by a nøytron. It will now be formed with a Uranium atom weighing 236. The atomic weight makes uranium unstable, so that it will divide itself into two parts, which in turn will send out new nøytroner. As long as there is NOK U235 available, the chain will continue.

For a chain reaction of fission, it is first necessary to achieve critical mass ... This is the by finding a fit getting large uranium lump so that the reaction proceed smoothly and neatly by itself. Is Klumpen other hand, for small, we will lose too many neutrons, and reaction is what is called under critical.

Once one has achieved critical mass, sending Monday nøytroner into the split material. When the first nøytronet hit "goals" will be the demerger and new nøytroner will be sent out. A chain reaction is started! The results of the demerger is that the slots uranium core will fly a short distance away in an enormous pace. This leads to an extreme heat (when a nuclear weapons are of the sun is only the "blueberries", the core of the nuclear weapon with a temperature of at least 50 million degrees Celsius ...) There are enormous amounts of energy in question, more than any one previously seen in humanity ... This is the separation.

4.4.2 Merger
 

Merger means actually merging. In this process, "packages" man atomic nucleus with a small mass along the cores with greater mass. Nuclear fission, fusion is thus a fusion of light atomic nucleus, ie a special form of nuclear reactions. The reactions that are best suited for practical energy development using heavy hydrogen. But fusion is only possible in the temperatures of many millions of degrees, therefore it is called a termonukleær reaction. When it comes to achieving fusion is therefore a need to "pull off" with a fission-bomb. As it is shown in the example

Lithium-hydride is an isotope of hydrogen, ie a hydrogen atom with greater weight, here is an illustration of Hydrogen isotopes:

The "heavy" hydrogen atoms
 

Have you ever wondered how the sun and so many other stars can be bright in the billions of years?

Here is the answer: Merger! Fusion of hydrogen and other light atomic nucleus is the universe, the basic energy source! Merger had actually been an ideal energy source on Earth, but since the merger process requires a temperature of millions of degrees, it is currently impossible ... all materials we know to evaporate long before the first million Celsius.

But researchers have a theory that magnetic fields can be used. The theory assumes that the merger will take place in a magnetic, so that it does not hit anything solid material. Another plus with this way of producing energy is that it does not pollute at all, no radioactive waste, NOTHING, except the power! There had been great good for humanity, or what?

5. Description of nuclear explosive
There are two types of nuclear explosive
 

1. Demergers Bombe (popularly called nuclear)

2. Merger Bombe (popularly called the hydrogen bomb, or water bomb material)

In addition, we have:

3. Nøytronbombe, which is a form of Merger bombing.

5.1 demergers Bombe
 

Demergers bombing is the easiest and the bomb was made first. The theory of it all is that several sub-critical mass (see explanation under section 4.4.1) of spaltbart materials are stored separately in the atomic bomb.

The explosion currently collects the different masses and achieve a critical mass. Through recent technology has developed, however a new and improved method. This method is called implosjonsbombe. An implosion is the opposite of an explosion. In an explosive burst power is directed outwards, while in an implosion is the spring force directed inwards. It split the material is so far below the critical, so that the bomb does not go by without pressure from outside.

It happens when the bomb goes off is that the split material are pressed together by the thousands of atmosphere, so that the split material is only 2 / 3 of what it was before. It is happening now can be best explained with an example:

We can compare it with an orange sky. We say that a lump is uran235 orange cloud. Nøytronet is an orange. Normal, ukompressert uranium would equal the same as it was 1 km between each orange in the cloud. When you then try to throw the oranges (nøytronet) into the cloud, it is not very large chance that you will meet one of the oranges in the cloud. But if an external pressure brings together oranges so that the gap between them is a cm, is guaranteed to hit an orange. You're actually in fact a meter or two, striking nonetheless.

Bomben fission can not be unlimited large, ie that one can not keep a critical mass of material collected spaltbart NOK long to get the larger chain. It is also highly radioactive, due nøytronene released in the explosion itself and the split material. Demergers Bomben was the first step on the nuclear weapon country.

5.2 Merger Bombe (H-bomb)

Merger Bomben, popularly called H-bomb, is based on the so-called termonukleære nuclear reactions. Common to these reaksjoene is that they can only be "lit" or put in time at temperatures of several million degrees. At these temperatures have the smallest nucleus, hydrogen cores, NOK motion energy to penetrate each other. Then form new cores at the same time that energy is released. The term H of the hydrogen bomb has given its name. Reactions also provides rapid nøytroner that can be used to provide fission in U238. On this basis, we can imagine how a hydrogen bomb looks. It consists of a conventional fission bomb surrounded by the forms of hydrogen which provides the most effective termonukleære reactions. Outside of this should be a shell of natural uranium metal to increase the temperature and nøytrontall. When the fission bomb detoneres, created it in fractions of a second temperatures of several million degrees. This is sufficient to initiate the fusion reaction in hydrogen, which gives further strong energy development. Even more energy you get when nøytronene from the merger gives the demerger in the surrounding reflector of uranium. It is a very important difference between fission and fusion bomb bomb: the latter has no critical mass. Fusion reaction "lit" in that it does not get much mass, the work will start only when they have sufficiently high temperature, just like ordinary combustion processes. This means that you virtually can "be ready for the reaction" very large amount of reaction material hydrogen.

H-bomb is that we see no limitation to the amount of reaction material and can therefore be made considerably larger than fission bomb.

Another, and in many ways equally important difference is that the H-bomb can be made so that it frees up relatively small amounts of radioactive material. Fisjonstennladningens radioactivity release, we never in from. But we can provide most of the energy from the fusion reaction, and this is not spews out radioactive fission products. Fortunately, there is also a fusion reaction we can use that does not release nøytroner. And it is nøytronene who creates all the radioactivity from the bombs, except that which comes from the demerger da. Therefore, one can get a "lite" radioactive fusion bomb exploded with a greater effect than fission bombs. Bomber based on fusion reactions is also called for "termonukleære weapons".

5.3 Noytronbombe
 

A noytronbombe is a thermo-nuclear weapons, such as the H-bomb. It is really just another construction of the H-bomb. There are still many differences.

The first and most important is the radio activity.

H-bomb is that it will be the greatest possible explosive and minimum radioactivity. I nøytronbomben is the opposite, a small nuclear charge (1-5 kt), which emits a large nøytronstrøm. This nøytronstrømmen will kill people in a fairly large radius, but will not cause such great material destruction (relatively speaking). The point of this bomb is that it is to be an anti-armor weapons. It works in the sense that nøytronstrømmen going through the hood of the vehicle and kill its crew, while the armored vehicle is relatively undamaged. The reason that one can not use ordinary nuclear weapons for this is that they are not effective NOK, heat and pressure wave of a nuclear weapons will only be effective against armored vehicles in a small area. Another use for nøytronbomben's anti-ICBM use.

It was the Americans who set it up to this factory. The point was to damage the Soviet ICBM'er over the Atlantic so they did not work using nøytronstrømmen.

Nøytronbomben has long had a reputation that said it killed everyone in an area without making a scratch in the houses. This is not entirely true, a nuclear explosion will it be anyway, but it will not harm the settlements as much as other nuclear warheads ... Another new method to use nøytronbomber goes out on this principle. It is found a technique that is the most frightening perspective (I think) by nuclear weapons: nøytrombomber can now be made as large as a baseball. The explosion will be relatively small (300-400 h), but the radio activity will be great NOK to destroy half the population in the city of Oslo. Think how easy it would be for a terrorist organization to smuggle it into the example. a full football stadium! He could reinforce it, cram it in your pocket, sit on the stadium, "lose" under the seat, to get away and detonate it remotely. I horror at the thought! The biggest football 50-100.000 takes viewers ...

Here a list of countries that have nøytronbomber:

USA, Russia, England, China, France, and probably Israel, although the latter country did not admit it.

6. How easy is it to obtain nuclear weapons today?
 

Actually, should we believe that security today was pretty much about nuclear weapons and the various population-parts used in nuclear weapons production. In many countries, this is the case, but unfortunately we find some loopholes.

Eg. carrying americans  uranium, plutonium and other materials that split the need for nuclear reactors through their unattended trucks.

How easy had it not been to hijack one of these cars?

So we have the Russians. The Russian military is not just good wages. This means that the Russians are selling everything on the black market. Tankser, warships, uniforms, handguns, and last but not least, nuclear warheads. If you have the right amount of money (from 1 million to 20 million U.S. dollars) you can get a hold of nuclear weapons.

I was in the CIA's website and found that it was not obtain nuclear weapons and spaltbart material was "disappeared", and yet there are many mørketall. Some have received / found again, but there are still many left outside on the illicit market in the world. Perhaps it is only a matter of time before we get our first terrorist nuclear attack?

7. Answer the problem
 

Based on that I've found in this project, you need only good relations, 1 million dollars and a little brain capacity to create world's biggest terrorist accident. Moreover, I found that you only need to bribe a nuclear physicist, a few engineers and a couple of engineers to create a finished nuclear weapons. You can have nuclear weapons strong NOK to destroy a medium-by with it in a jacket pocket, and thus is already in the nuclear weapons "would weigh". The good news is that conditions are improving (disarmament and better control).

8. Conclusion

Whether nuclear fission to be a good or a disaster for our planet, is up to us humans to decide. When oil and gas reserves of our ends, as can nuclear fission by means of its large energy potential supply us with energy for many centuries to come.

Even within medicine are nuclear fission is an important element. If cancer is exposure almost become an alpha-omega in the treatment of the patient.

Should the people choose the other hand, the destructive side, so can nuclear weapons to destroy humanity for a long time and in the worst case, eradicate all mankind. I do not believe that responsible countries such as USA, Russia and France would intervene to this means unless they are pushed into a corner. However, I am more concerned about what might happen when the "sick men" and terrorist organizations get nuclear weapons.

In writing, so I hear on the news that the United States and Russia have recently signed an agreement to destroy a total of 68 tonnes of plutonium (34 tons in each country). Plutonium that otherwise could have been used to make thousands of nuclear weapons. The two presidents Clinton and Putin was further agreed a varslingssysem to prevent nuclear accidents.

In other words, there is still hope that reason will be victorious!