Computer History

First generation
With the occurrence of the Second World War, countries that are involved in the war is trying to develop computer mengeksploit strategic potential of the computer. This funding increase and accelerate development progress in computer engineering computer. In the year 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer, the Z3, to design aircraft and guided missile.

The partners are also making progress in the development of computer power. Year 1943, the British completed the secret computer code breaker called for Colossus code-breaking secret that Germany used. Impact of not making too Colossus affect development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, the colossus is not a multipurpose computer (general-purpose computer), it was only designed to solve the mystery code. Second, the existence of this machine are kept confidential until a decade after the war ended.

Business conducted by the United States at the time the progress of others. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), an engineer working with Harvard IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator is a measurement of the length of half a foot ball field and have a range of 500 miles along the cable. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, is a electronic relay computer.

He used to drive signals elektromagnetik mechanical components. Beropreasi machine with the slower (it requires 3-5 seconds for each calculation) and is not flexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform calculations aritmatik base and a more complex equation.

Development of the computer is now in the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), produced by the cooperation between the United States and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum cleaner tubes, resistor 70000, and 5 million solder point, the computer is a machine that consume a very large power of 160kW.

This computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) John W. dn Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I.

In mid-1940's, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the team in the University of Pennsylvania usha concept desin build a computer up to 40 years, the technique is still used in the computer. Von Neumann designing discrete Electronic Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in the year 1945 with sebuh memory to hold both programs and data. This technique allows the computer to stop at a time and then continue the job again. Key von Neumann architecture is a central processing unit (CPU), which allows all functions of the computer to be coordinated through a single source. Year 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer to use the von Neumann architecture model is.

Both the United States Census and General Electric have UNIVAC. One of the impressive results that are achieved by UNIVAC to predict success in victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.

First generation computer dikarakteristik of the fact that operating instructions are specific to a particular task. Each computer program code has a different binary-called a "language machine" (machine language). This is difficult for the computer and programmed to limit the speed. The other computer is using the first generation of vacuum cleaner tube (which makes the computer the size is very large) dn cylinder for magnetic data storage.

Second generation
In the year 1948, the findings influence the development of the transistor computer. Transistors replace vacuum cleaner tube in television, radio, and computers. As a result, the size of electrical machinery decreased dramatically.

Transistors used in the start in the computer start in 1956. The findings in the form of the development of magnetic-core memory to help the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than the preceding. The first engine that utilizes this new technology is superkomputer.

IBM makes superkomputer named Stretch, and Sprery create computer-Rand called LARC. Komputerkomputer this, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle a large amount of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atom. Machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for the computing needs of business, limiting the kepopulerannya. There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Livermore Labs radiation, California, and the other in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations-singakatan to replace the binary code.

In the early 1960s, computers began to appear a second-generation success in business, in universities and in government. Computers this is a second generation of computers that use the full transistor. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, floppy disks in the storage, memory, operating system and programs.

One important example of this computer is the IBM 1401 which is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information.

Program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it to give flexibility to the computer. This flexibility to improve performance with a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print the invoice and the purchase of consumer product design and then run or the payroll.

Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (Cobol) and Formula Translator (FORTRAN) start public use. Programming language is machine code that replaces the complex with the words, sentences, and math formulas more easily understood by humans. This is easier for someone to manage the computer and memprogram. Various new pop careers (programmer, Analyst, and computer systems expert). Software industry also began to appear and develop during the second generation of this computer.

Third Generation
Although the transistor in many cases surpass tube vacuum cleaner, but the transistor produces a large amount of heat, which can potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminate this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instrument, developed integrated circuits (IC: integrated circuit) in the year 1958. IC combines three electronic components in a small Silicon plate made of quartz sand.

The scientists then enter the more successful components into a single chip called a semiconductor. The result, computers become increasingly smaller as komponenkomponen can dipadatkan in the chip. The progress of third-generation machines is the use of other operating systems (operating system) that allows the engine to run a variety of different programs simultaneously with a main program that monitors and coordinates the computer memory.

Fourth Generation
After IC, the development becomes more clear: decrease the size of circuits and electrical komponenkomponen. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components in a chip. In the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) to load thousands of components in a single chip.

Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increase the amount to be millions. Ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang half chip coin encouraging decrease in the price and size of the computer. It is also working to increase power, efficiency and keterandalan computer. Intel 4004 chip that is made in the year 1971 brought progress in the IC by placing all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and input / output) in a chip is very small.

Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task-specific. Now, a mikroprosesor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the needs you want. Not long after that, each household devices such as microwave oven, television, dn cars with electronic fuel injection equipped with mikroprosesor.

Development that allows ordinary people to use the computer normally. Computer is no longer dominated large companies or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer perakit computer products they offer to the public. Computers, which is called minikomputer, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the general public. Software is most popular at the time the program is word processing and spreadsheet. In the early 1980s, video games such as Atari 2600 to attract consumers on the home computer is more powerful and can be programmed.

In the year 1981, IBM introduced the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. Number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to be 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PC use. Computer to continue the evolution towards smaller size, of computers that are on the table (desktop computer) to a computer that can be inserted in the bag (laptop), or even the computer that can be (palmtop).

IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh computers in memperebutkan market. Apple Macintosh became famous because popularize the system in the computer graphics, while still saingannya using computer-based text. Macintosh also popularize the use of tools mouse.
At the present, we know travel with the IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (Serial Intel-made CPU's). Also, we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all entered in the fourth generation of computers.

The growth in line with the use of computers in the workplace, new ways to continue to excavate potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, komputerkomputer can be linked together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to each other
communicate with each other. Computer network allows computers to a single electronic form of cooperation to complete a process task. By using direct perkabelan (also called local area network, LAN), cable or telephone, this network can become very large.

Fifth Generation
Defining a fifth-generation computer is difficult because this stage is still very young. Imaginative example is the fifth generation computer computer HAL9000 fiction novel from the works of Arthur C. Clarke, entitled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the function you want from a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), HAL can nalar have enough to do with human percapakan, using visual feedback, and learn from their own experiences.

Although it may be realized HAL9000 is still far from reality, many functions that it has already materialized. Some computers can receive instructions verbally and able to mimic human nalar. Ability to translate foreign languages are also possible. This facility appears simple. However, the facility becomes much more complex than suspected when programmers realized that human pengertia very dependent on the context and understanding rather than simply translate words directly.

Much progress in the field of computer design and technology enables the creation semkain fifth-generation computer. Two engineering progress which is mainly parallel processing capability, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Model non Neumann will be replaced with a system that is capable of coordinating a lot of CPU to work at the same time. Progress is superkonduktor technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which can accelerate the speed of future information.

Japan is a country that is famous in the socialization of jargon and fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) is also formed to merealisasikannya. Many newspapers stating that this project has failed, but some other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project will bring the change this new paradigm in the computerization of the world. Information which we hold a more valid and produce results.